TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I.                   PENGERTIAN

Simple presnt tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini.

II.                PENJELASAN DAN RUMUS

Simple present tense dibentuk dari verb 1(present tense) atau link verb “be”(is,am,are). Apa itu verb 1? Verb 1 merupakan bare infinitive dengan tambahan –s atau –es (contoh verb 1: does, goes, wants) khusus untuk subject berupa singular noun (kata benda tunggal: Tita, book, car) atau third person singular pronoun (kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal: she, he, it); atau tanpa tambahan apapun (contoh ver 1: do, go, want) untuk subject berupa plural noun (boys, men, books) atau plural noun (we, they), pronoun I/you, atau compound subject (you and me, Tina and Ratih).

Dengan demikian rumus simple present tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif sebagai berikut :

·         Positif

Subject + Tobe (is, am, are) + Object

Contoh :

Ø  I am a Singer

Ø  I am a Teachers

Ø  She is Very Beautiful

Ø  You are Clever

Ø  He is twenty years old

·         Negatif

Subject + Tobe (is, am, are) + NOT + Object

Contoh:

Ø  I am not a Singer

Ø  You are not Clever

Ø  We are not Teachers

Ø  She is not Beautiful

Ø  It is not my new house

·         Interogatif

Tobe(is, am, are) + Subject + Object + ?

Contoh :

Ø  Am I a Singger ?

Ø  Are We Teachers ?

Ø  Are you Clever ?

Ø  Is she twenty years old?

Ø  Is it my new house ?

PRESENT CONTINOUS

I.                   PENGERTTIAN

Present continous tense biasa disebut juga Present Progressive Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada saat dibicarakan.

II.                Rumus Present Continous Tense

·         Positif

Subject + tobe(is, am, are) + (V1+ing)

Contoh :

Ø  She is Writing a letter now.

Ø  They are Climbing Gede mountain

Ø  He is Reading a story book now.

Ø  Rani is Walking to Mosque

Ø  I am Eating noodles

·         Negaif

Subject + tobe(is, am, are) + not + (V1+ing)

Contoh :

Ø  She is not Writing a letter now.

Ø  The are not Climbing Gede mountain

Ø  He is not Reading a story book now.

Ø  Rani is not Walking to Mosque

Ø  I am not eating noodles

·         Interogatif

Tobe(is, am, are) + Subject + (V1+ing) ?

Contoh:

Ø  Is she Writing a letter now ?

Ø  Are they Climbing Gede Mountain ?

Ø  Is he Reading a story book now ?

Ø  Is Rani walking to Mosque ?

Ø  Am I eating noodles?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

I.                   PENGERTIAN

Simple past digunakan untuk berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang dimulai dan berakhr pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. (contoh: yesterday, last night, days ago, in 1999).

Pada simple past tense, verb yang digunakan adalah Verb 2. Biasanya sebagian besar adalah regular verb atau verb/kata kerja dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –ed pada verb/kata kerja.

II.                Rumus dan Contoh

·         Positif

Subject + Verb 2 + Object

Contoh :

Ø  She studied english yesterday.

Ø  He ate noodles last night.

Ø  I went to hospital yesterday.

Ø  She played badminton last night.

Ø  He watched a movie last week.

·         Negatif

Ø  He did not study english yesterday.

Ø  She did not eat noodles last night.

Ø  I did not go to hospital yesterday.

Ø  She did not play badminton last night.

Ø  He did not watch a movie last week.

·         Interogatif

Ø  Did he study english yesterday ?

Ø  Did she eat noodles last night ?

Ø  Did you go to hospital yesterday ?

Ø  Did she play badminton last night ?

Ø  Did he watch a movie last week ?

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

I.                   PENGERTIAN

Past continous tense (bentuk waktu waktu lampau yang sedang berlangsung) pada umumnya digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau disaat keadaan atau peristiwa yang lain terjadi.

II.                Rumus dan Contoh

Ø  Pola kalimat positif yang digunakan yaitu :

1.      Untuk Subjek They, We, I, You

§  Subject + were + V1 + Ing

2.      Untuk Subjek She, He, It

§  Subject + was + V1 + Ing

Contoh :

a.       I was reading a letter when the bell rang.

b.      They were washing when I visited them yesterday.

c.       I was eating when you called me

d.      She was reading newspaper when I breakfast     

e.       He was watching Tv when I came.

Ø  Pola kalimat Negatif

1.      Untuk subjek They, We, I, You

Subject + were + not + V1 + Ing

2.      Untuk subjek She, He, It

Subject + was + not + V1 + Ing

Contoh :

a.       I was not writing a letter when the bell rang

b.      They were not washing when I visited them yesterday

c.       I was not eating when you called me

d.      She was not  reading newspaper when I breakfast

e.       He was not watching TV when I came

Ø  Pola kalimat Interogatif

1.      Untuk subjek They, We, I, You

Were + subject + V1 + Ing + ?

2.      Untuk subjek She, He, It

Was + subject + V1 + Ing + ?

Contoh :

a.       Was I writing a letter when the bell rang ?

b.      Were they washing when I visited them yesterday ?

c.       Was I eating when you called me ?

d.      Was she reading newspaper when I breakfast ?

e.       Was he watching TV when I came ?

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

I.                   PENGERTIAN

Subject verb agreement adalah penyesuaian antara verb (kata kerja) dengan subject kalimat dalam hal number, yaitu : singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Sunjek dapat berupa noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), atau konstruksi lain yang berakting sebagai noun, seperti gerund dan infinitive. Pada dasarnya, singular subject (subjek tunggal) menggunakan singular verb (kata kerja tunggal), sedangkan plural subject (subjek jamak) menggunakan plural verb (kata kerja jamak).

Contoh :

Ø  The sun rises

Ø  The stars shine

Ø  Hani rarely eats white bread

Ø  You go straight ahead then turn left

Ø  They like eating out

Ø  The manager has checked the documents

PRONOUN

I.                   PENGERTIAN

Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat,atau konsep abstrak. Kata ganti benda ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

II.                MACAM-MACAM PRONOUN

1.      Personal Pronoun

(I, You, They, We, She, He, It, Us, Her, His, Them, Mine, Yours, dll)

Contoh :

She prefers to brisk walk to jog.

Yours is on the table

2.      Demonstrative Pronoun

(This, That, These, Those)

Contoh :

This is the most interesting book I have ever read

3.      Interrogative Pronoun

(Who, What, Which, Whose, Whom, dll)

Contoh :

Who is that man ?

4.      Relative Pronoun

(Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That, dll)

Contoh :

The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received.

5.      Indefinite Pronoun

(anything, everything, none, someone, something)\

Contoh :

You did everything right

6.      Reflexive Pronoun

(myself, yourself, itself, youselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves)

Contoh :

I’m going to buy myself new jeans.

7.      Intensive Pronoun

(bentuknya sama dengan reflexive pronoun)

Contoh :

I myself promise not to corrupt the project.

8.      Reciprocal Pronoun

(each other, one another)

Contoh :

They love each other.

They take care each other.